A. Understand the nature and scope of international accounting
Pengertian Akuntansi Internasional menurut Iqbal, Melcher dan Elmallah (1997:18). Mendefinisikan akuntansi internasional sebagai akuntansi untuk transaksi antar negara, pembandingan prinsip-prinsip akuntansi di negara-negara yang berlainan dan harmonisasi standar akuntansi di seluruh dunia. Suatu perusahaan mulai terlibat dengan akuntansi internasional adalah pada saat mendapatkan kesempatan melakukan transaksi ekspor atau impor.Sampai sekarang ini, negara barat masih gencar mempromosikan perlunya harmonisasi standar akuntansi internasional. Tujuan utama upaya tersebut adalah untuk meningkatkan daya banding (comparability) laporan keuangan terutama bagi perusahaan multinasional yang beroperasi di berbagai belahan dunia. Tidak mengherankan jika pihak barat membentuk suatu badan yang dinamakan International Accounting Standard Committee (IASC), yang sekarang berubah namanya menjadi International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). Badan ini bertugas menghasilkan standar akuntansi internasional (international Financial Reporting Standards – IFRS).
Meskipun keanggotaan badan tersebut melibatkan negara negara berkembang, negara barat/kapitalis seperti Amerika, Inggris, Kanada dan Australia tetap mendominasi konsep akuntansi dan standar akuntansi yang dihasilkan. Akibatnya, standar akuntansi tersebut umumnya didasari pada konsep ekonomi kapitalis yang kemungkinan bertentangan dengan kondisi sosial, ekonomi dan budaya negara berkembang dan khususnya ada yang bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai Islam.
Pada umumnya Akuntansi Internasional mencakup bahasan sebagai berikut:
Akuntansi keuangan
Studi perbandingan standar akuntansi keuangan yang berlaku di manca negara.
Standar Akuntansi Internasional (International Accounting Standards).
Permasalahan harmonisasi standar akuntansi secara global.
2. Permasalahan Pengukuran dan Pelaporan Akuntansi MNC (Multinational Company)
Penjabaran laporan keuangan anak perusahaan yang dilaporkan dalam mata uang asing.
Konsolidasi laporan keuangan MNC.
Analisis laporan keuangan untuk tujuan evaluasi kinerja MNC.
3. Akuntansi Perpajakan
Transfer pricing
Perpajakan Internasional
4. Akuntansi Manajemen
Kebijakan pembelanjaan kegiatan usaha di luar negeri
Analisis investasi di luar negeri
Manajemen risiko valuta asing
Evaluasi kinerja kegiatan usaha di luar negeri
5. Auditing
Studi perbandingan standar audit di manca Negara.
Studi perbandingan praktek profesi akuntan publik di manca negara
Ruang lingkup dari Akuntansi Internasional terdiri dari 2 aspek, yaitu :
Akuntansi internasional membahas gambaran standard akuntansi dan praktek akuntansi diberbagai negara di dunia serta membandingkan standar dan praktek akuntansi tersebut pada masing-masing negara yang dibahas.
Transaksi internasional membahas mengenai pelaporan keuangan, penjabaran dan transaksi valas, sistem informasi, penganggaran, system penilaian kerja, perpajakan dan audit internasional. Dalam aspek ini juga termasuk pembahasan akuntansi manajemen untuk bisnis internasional. Jadi dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa Akuntansi Internasional yaitu suatu standar sistem informasi Akuntansi Internasional dalam pelaporan keuangan untuk kegiatan-kegiatan bisnis yang melibatkan 2 atau lebih negara serta penerapan praktek-praktek Akuntansi di berbagai negara.
B. Describe accounting issues created by international trade
Adanya isu-isu akuntansi internasional di sebabkan terjadinya transaksi/perdagangan secara internasional. investasi asing langsung (FDI) adalah bagian dari isu-isu akuntansi internasional. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) atau investasi langsung luar negeri, sebuah perusahaan dari satu negara menanamkan modalnya dalam jangka panjang ke sebuah perusahaan di negara lain, perusahaan yang ada di negara asal (biasa disebut ‘home country’) bisa mengendalikan perusahaan yang ada di negara tujuan investasi (biasa disebut ‘host country’) baik sebagian atau seluruhnya. Caranya dengan si penanam modal membeli perusahaan di luar negeri yang sudah ada atau menyediakan modal untuk membangun perusahaan baru di sana atau membeli sahamnya sekurangnya 10%.
Terdapat empat tujuan utama FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) yaitu:
a. Pencari sumber daya,
b. Pencari pasar,
c. Pencari efesiensi dan
d. Pencari asset strategi.
FDI menciptakan dua isu utama:
Kebutuhan untuk mengkonversi dari lokal ke US GAAP sejak pencatatan akuntansi biasanya disusun dengan menggunakan GAAP lokal.
Kebutuhan untuk menerjemahkan dari mata uang lokal ke dolar AS sejak catatan akuntansi biasanya disusun dengan menggunakan mata uang lokal.
1. ASPEK PERTAMA
Akuntansi internasional membahas gambaran standard akuntansi dan praktek akuntansi diberbagai negara di dunia serta membandingkan standard dan praktek akuntansi tersebut pada masing masing negara yang dibahas.
2. ASPEK KEDUA
Transaksi internasional membahas mengenai pelaporan keuangan .penjabaran dan transaksi valas ,sistem informasi ,penganggaran ,sistempenilaian kerja ,perpajakan dan audit internasional .dalam aspek ini juga termasuk pembahasan akuntansi manajemen untuk bisnis internasional
C. Explain reasons for, and accounting issues associated with, Foreign Direct Investment
Terdapat alasan untuk foreign Investment langsung adalah :
1. Tingkatkan sales dan profits
Penjualan internasional mungkin saja satu sumber margin keuntungan lebih tinggi atau laba tambahan melalui penjualan tambahan.
2. Masuk rapidly growing atau emerging markets
Investasi langsung yang asing adalah makna untuk meningkatkan suatu tumpuan/kedudukan dalam satu dengan cepat berkembang atau muncul pasar. Objektif terakhir harus meningkatkan penjualan dan laba.
3. Mengurangi costs
Sebuah perusahaan kadang-kadang bisa mengurangi biaya menyediakan barang-barang dan layanan ke pelanggan nya melalui investasi langsung yang asing.
4. Amankan domestic markets
Untuk melemahkan satu kompetitor internasional potensial dan melindungi pasar domestik nya, satu perusahaan mungkin memasuki pasar rumah kompetitor.
5. Amankan foreign markets
Investasi tambahan dalam suatu negara asing adalah kadang-kadang mendorong oleh suatu kebutuhan untuk melindungi pasar itu dari kompetitor lokal.
6. Peroleh technological dan managerial know-how
Selain dari pada melakukan riset dan pengembangan di rumah, cara lain untuk memperoleh ‘know-how’ teknologi dan managerial harus menyiapkan satu operasi dekat dengan memimpin kompetitor.
Seperti yang dijelaskan diatas Investasi Asing Langsung dapat menimbulkan isu-isu Akuntansi Internasional. Investasi Asing Langsung ini erat hubungannya dengan penjualan internasional yang merupakan sumber margin keuntungan yang lebih tinggi atau laba tambahan melalui penjualan tambahan. Produk Unik atau keuntungan-keuntungan teknologi dapat menyediakan satu komparatif keuntungan bahwa satu perusahaan berharap untuk memanfaatkan dengan cara mengembangkan penjualan di/dalam mancanegara.
Minggu, 08 April 2012
Senin, 03 Oktober 2011
Minggu, 02 Oktober 2011
Selasa, 26 April 2011
perbedaan toefl dan toeic
TOEFL
TOEIC
Test Of English as a Foreign LanguageTest Of English as an International CommunicationTujuanMengevaluasi kemampuan bahasa Inggris bagi mereka yang mengejar pendidikan akademis (beasiswa).Mengevaluasi kemampuan bahasa Inggris untuk tempat kerja global (internasional).Kegunaan UtamaUntuk perusahaanUntuk Sekolah/Program bahasa Inggris, terutama di bidang akademikKegunaan LainnyaUntuk Sekolah/Program bahasa Inggris, terutama di bidang bisnisUntuk Institusi pendidikan yang lebih tinggiPeserta Tes
• Pekerja pada perusahaan internasional
• Pencari/pelamar kerja
• Pelajar kejuruan / sekolah perdagangan dan perguruan tinggi
• Pelajar di jalur bisnis program bahasa Inggris
• Pelajar di bidang pendidikan bahasa Inggris
• Pelajar (mahasiswa) yang memerlukan syarat bahasa (Inggris)
• Pemohon pada program beasiswa dan pertukaran pelajar
Pemakai Hasil Tes
• Manager Pelatihan
• Manager HR
• Perekrut Pekerja
• Pekerja
• Sekolah program bahasa Inggris
• Program/sekolah bahasa Ingris
• Direktur pada program bea siswa dan pertukaran pelajar
• Pelajar
TOEIC
Test Of English as a Foreign LanguageTest Of English as an International CommunicationTujuanMengevaluasi kemampuan bahasa Inggris bagi mereka yang mengejar pendidikan akademis (beasiswa).Mengevaluasi kemampuan bahasa Inggris untuk tempat kerja global (internasional).Kegunaan UtamaUntuk perusahaanUntuk Sekolah/Program bahasa Inggris, terutama di bidang akademikKegunaan LainnyaUntuk Sekolah/Program bahasa Inggris, terutama di bidang bisnisUntuk Institusi pendidikan yang lebih tinggiPeserta Tes
• Pekerja pada perusahaan internasional
• Pencari/pelamar kerja
• Pelajar kejuruan / sekolah perdagangan dan perguruan tinggi
• Pelajar di jalur bisnis program bahasa Inggris
• Pelajar di bidang pendidikan bahasa Inggris
• Pelajar (mahasiswa) yang memerlukan syarat bahasa (Inggris)
• Pemohon pada program beasiswa dan pertukaran pelajar
Pemakai Hasil Tes
• Manager Pelatihan
• Manager HR
• Perekrut Pekerja
• Pekerja
• Sekolah program bahasa Inggris
• Program/sekolah bahasa Ingris
• Direktur pada program bea siswa dan pertukaran pelajar
• Pelajar
Jumat, 25 Maret 2011
listening
Practice
I have two close friends, Adi and Nia. I think they will make a great couple. But they are so different. Adi is easy going. He never gets angry. He is also very takaktive and funny. He can talk about anything to anybody.
Nia is very quiet. She doesn’t say much people might think that she is snobbish. She doesn’t seem to have many friends. Actually, she’s just shy. She is not confident with new people. But she is really friendly with people she knows well.
Adi seems very interested in Nia. But Nia doesn’t feel comfortable with him.
1. someone who is easy-going will have… (a)
a. many friends
b. no friends at all
c. no one
2. A talkactive person… (b)
a. Likes to criticize
b. Enjoys talking
c. Likes to joke
3. Quiet people are…(c)
a. Talkaktive
b. Likes to criticize
c. Not talkaktive
4. snobbish people don’t have many friends because they are…(b)
a. Quiet
b. Arogant
c. Talkaktive
5. A shy person prefers to be …(a)
a. Alone
b. With other people
c. Friendly
Are you tired of sweet snacks like candies or salty snacks like popcorn ? try some fruit such as kiwi fruit. It is fresh although it tastes a bit sour. Kiei fruit helps you stay healthy. It contains vitamin C.
The kiwi fruit is from china. It was first called Yangtao. Iy came to England between 1800 and 1900. people brought it to New Zealand in 1906. people in these two countries called the fruit Chinese gooseberry.
The people of new zeland started to grow this fruit. In 1962 they exported it to the united states. There, the fruit was called kiwi fruit after New Zealand’s national bird, the “kiwi”.
6. how does kiwi fruit taste ? ( a )
a. a bit sour
b. sweet
c. salt
7. Why does it help you stay healthy ? ( b )
a. It very fresh
b. It contains vitamin C
c. It contains vitamin A
8. Who called the fruit Chinese gooseberry ? (a )
a. People in England and new Zealand
b. People in England
c. People in New Zealand
9. When kiwi fruit come to England ? (c )
a. 1906
b. 1962
c. Between 1800 and 1900
10. When kiwi fruit exported to the United States ? ( b )
a. 1906
b. 1962
c. Between 1800 and 1900
I have two close friends, Adi and Nia. I think they will make a great couple. But they are so different. Adi is easy going. He never gets angry. He is also very takaktive and funny. He can talk about anything to anybody.
Nia is very quiet. She doesn’t say much people might think that she is snobbish. She doesn’t seem to have many friends. Actually, she’s just shy. She is not confident with new people. But she is really friendly with people she knows well.
Adi seems very interested in Nia. But Nia doesn’t feel comfortable with him.
1. someone who is easy-going will have… (a)
a. many friends
b. no friends at all
c. no one
2. A talkactive person… (b)
a. Likes to criticize
b. Enjoys talking
c. Likes to joke
3. Quiet people are…(c)
a. Talkaktive
b. Likes to criticize
c. Not talkaktive
4. snobbish people don’t have many friends because they are…(b)
a. Quiet
b. Arogant
c. Talkaktive
5. A shy person prefers to be …(a)
a. Alone
b. With other people
c. Friendly
Are you tired of sweet snacks like candies or salty snacks like popcorn ? try some fruit such as kiwi fruit. It is fresh although it tastes a bit sour. Kiei fruit helps you stay healthy. It contains vitamin C.
The kiwi fruit is from china. It was first called Yangtao. Iy came to England between 1800 and 1900. people brought it to New Zealand in 1906. people in these two countries called the fruit Chinese gooseberry.
The people of new zeland started to grow this fruit. In 1962 they exported it to the united states. There, the fruit was called kiwi fruit after New Zealand’s national bird, the “kiwi”.
6. how does kiwi fruit taste ? ( a )
a. a bit sour
b. sweet
c. salt
7. Why does it help you stay healthy ? ( b )
a. It very fresh
b. It contains vitamin C
c. It contains vitamin A
8. Who called the fruit Chinese gooseberry ? (a )
a. People in England and new Zealand
b. People in England
c. People in New Zealand
9. When kiwi fruit come to England ? (c )
a. 1906
b. 1962
c. Between 1800 and 1900
10. When kiwi fruit exported to the United States ? ( b )
a. 1906
b. 1962
c. Between 1800 and 1900
Jumat, 18 Maret 2011
1. Will you be at home this morning?
a. i was staying at home this morning
b. i have been at home this morning
c. i had been at home this morning
d. i will be at home this morning
answer : d
2. His uncle …… by Mr. mark
a. doesn’t liked
b. isn’t like
c. hadn’t been like
d. hasn’t been liked
Answer: D
3. jogja is (far) ……. than Bandung from Jakarta
a. as far as
b. the most far
c. more further
d. further
Answer: D
4. ....did you go last week ?
a. where
b. when
c. whom
d. what
answer : d
5. linda is ...than maria
a. very smart
b. taller
c. s bit tall
d. short
answer : b
6. Nobody has never beaten him at tennis
The Passive of this sentence is: He ……. at tennis
a. has never beaten
b. has never been beaten
c. has never beat by nobody
d. has never been beat
Answer: B
7.Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother ……. to swim
a. how will it learn
b. it will learn how
c. will it learn how
d. and it learn how
Answer: B
8. have you been waiting for me since the early months of 2011 year ?
a. february
b. january
c. march
d. april
answer : b
9. There are three volcanoes in Bali. The ……. one is Mt Agung
a. higher
b. highest
c. high
d. the higher
Answer: B
10. Rama understand Biology (little) ……. of all her friends
a. littler
b. the little
c. the least
d. less
Answer: C
11.....were you born?
a. which
b. who
c. when
d. what
answer : c
12. Shall we go to padang tomorrow?
a. we were going to solo tomorrow
b. we have gone to solo tomorrow
c. we have been going to solo tomorrow
d. we shall go to solo tomorrow
answer : d
13. ……. recorded at the moment?
a. Is our conversation being
b. Is our conversation
c. has our conversation
d. has our conversation been
Answer: A
14.The people ……. we visited yesterday were very nice
a. who
b. whom
c. which
d. whose
Answer: B
15. Had she been at home a long time ?
a. she had been staying at home a long time
b. she will be staying at home a long time
c. she should be staying at home a long time
d. she had been at home a llong time
answer : d
16. Rama understand Fisika (little) ……. of all her friends
a. littler
b. the little
c. the least
d. less
Answer: C
17. linda is ...than maria
a. very smart
b. taller
c. s bit tall
d. short
answer : b
18. I like both t-shirt, but the pink color is (beautiful) ……. the other
a. more than beautiful than
b. beautiful than
c. as beautiful
d. most beautiful
Answer: A
19. Some geologists believe that in the shale of the Rockies ……. more oil than in the Middle East
a. with
b. which have
c. there is
d. having
Answer: D
20.The people ……. we visited yesterday were very nice
a. who
b. whom
c. which
d. whose
Answer: B
21. Incorrect : Among we men, it was he who always acted as interperter
Correct : Among us men, it was he who always acted as interperter
22. Incorrect : My father approves of me studying in the united states
Correct : My father approves of my studying in the united states
23. Incorrect : I know the candidate whom was elected
Correct : I know the candidate who was elected
24. Incorrect : Just between you and i, this isn't a very good prive
Correct : Just between you and me, this isn't very good prive
25. Incorrect : she is suprised by you having to pay for the accident
Correct : she is suprised by your having to pay for the accident
a. i was staying at home this morning
b. i have been at home this morning
c. i had been at home this morning
d. i will be at home this morning
answer : d
2. His uncle …… by Mr. mark
a. doesn’t liked
b. isn’t like
c. hadn’t been like
d. hasn’t been liked
Answer: D
3. jogja is (far) ……. than Bandung from Jakarta
a. as far as
b. the most far
c. more further
d. further
Answer: D
4. ....did you go last week ?
a. where
b. when
c. whom
d. what
answer : d
5. linda is ...than maria
a. very smart
b. taller
c. s bit tall
d. short
answer : b
6. Nobody has never beaten him at tennis
The Passive of this sentence is: He ……. at tennis
a. has never beaten
b. has never been beaten
c. has never beat by nobody
d. has never been beat
Answer: B
7.Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother ……. to swim
a. how will it learn
b. it will learn how
c. will it learn how
d. and it learn how
Answer: B
8. have you been waiting for me since the early months of 2011 year ?
a. february
b. january
c. march
d. april
answer : b
9. There are three volcanoes in Bali. The ……. one is Mt Agung
a. higher
b. highest
c. high
d. the higher
Answer: B
10. Rama understand Biology (little) ……. of all her friends
a. littler
b. the little
c. the least
d. less
Answer: C
11.....were you born?
a. which
b. who
c. when
d. what
answer : c
12. Shall we go to padang tomorrow?
a. we were going to solo tomorrow
b. we have gone to solo tomorrow
c. we have been going to solo tomorrow
d. we shall go to solo tomorrow
answer : d
13. ……. recorded at the moment?
a. Is our conversation being
b. Is our conversation
c. has our conversation
d. has our conversation been
Answer: A
14.The people ……. we visited yesterday were very nice
a. who
b. whom
c. which
d. whose
Answer: B
15. Had she been at home a long time ?
a. she had been staying at home a long time
b. she will be staying at home a long time
c. she should be staying at home a long time
d. she had been at home a llong time
answer : d
16. Rama understand Fisika (little) ……. of all her friends
a. littler
b. the little
c. the least
d. less
Answer: C
17. linda is ...than maria
a. very smart
b. taller
c. s bit tall
d. short
answer : b
18. I like both t-shirt, but the pink color is (beautiful) ……. the other
a. more than beautiful than
b. beautiful than
c. as beautiful
d. most beautiful
Answer: A
19. Some geologists believe that in the shale of the Rockies ……. more oil than in the Middle East
a. with
b. which have
c. there is
d. having
Answer: D
20.The people ……. we visited yesterday were very nice
a. who
b. whom
c. which
d. whose
Answer: B
21. Incorrect : Among we men, it was he who always acted as interperter
Correct : Among us men, it was he who always acted as interperter
22. Incorrect : My father approves of me studying in the united states
Correct : My father approves of my studying in the united states
23. Incorrect : I know the candidate whom was elected
Correct : I know the candidate who was elected
24. Incorrect : Just between you and i, this isn't a very good prive
Correct : Just between you and me, this isn't very good prive
25. Incorrect : she is suprised by you having to pay for the accident
Correct : she is suprised by your having to pay for the accident
Selasa, 11 Januari 2011
Kemeriahan Suporter TIMNAS
Beberapa minggu yang lalu kompetisi piala AFF Suzuki Cup 2010 berlangsung cukup meriah,meskipun Indonesia tidak menjuarai piala AFF tetapi para Suporter Timnas tidak berhenti untuk tetap mendukung Timnas.
Selama pertandingan berlangsung para suporter bersikap sportif dalam mendukung Timnas Indonesia,dan tidak menunjukkan sikap anarkis seperti yang kita tahu dalam kompetisi lokal.para suporter tidak pernah berhenti memberikan semangat kepada para pemain timnas Indonesia lewat nyanyian-nyanyian maupun dengan gemuruh terompet.
terlihat bahwa sebuah kompetisi sepakbola mampu menyatukan seluruh masyarakat indonesia,dibalik segala kemelut politik dan ekonomi yang menerpa bangsa kita.semoga semangat persatuan tidak hanya ditunjukkan dalam sebuah pagelaran sepak bola saja,tetapi dapat ditunjukkan dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara.
translate :
A few weeks ago AFF Suzuki Cup competition in 2010 was quite festive, although Indonesia did not win the AFF Cup squad but did not stop his supporters to continue to support the national team.
During the last game the fans to be fair in support of Indonesian national team, and do not show the attitude of anarchists as we know it in local competition.the supporters never ceases to give encouragement to the Indonesian national team players through the songs and the thundering trumpet.
seen that a competition of football can unify all Indonesian society, behind all the political and economic crisis that hit our nation. we hope the spirit of unity not only shown in a football event, but it can be shown in the life of nation and state.
Selama pertandingan berlangsung para suporter bersikap sportif dalam mendukung Timnas Indonesia,dan tidak menunjukkan sikap anarkis seperti yang kita tahu dalam kompetisi lokal.para suporter tidak pernah berhenti memberikan semangat kepada para pemain timnas Indonesia lewat nyanyian-nyanyian maupun dengan gemuruh terompet.
terlihat bahwa sebuah kompetisi sepakbola mampu menyatukan seluruh masyarakat indonesia,dibalik segala kemelut politik dan ekonomi yang menerpa bangsa kita.semoga semangat persatuan tidak hanya ditunjukkan dalam sebuah pagelaran sepak bola saja,tetapi dapat ditunjukkan dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara.
translate :
A few weeks ago AFF Suzuki Cup competition in 2010 was quite festive, although Indonesia did not win the AFF Cup squad but did not stop his supporters to continue to support the national team.
During the last game the fans to be fair in support of Indonesian national team, and do not show the attitude of anarchists as we know it in local competition.the supporters never ceases to give encouragement to the Indonesian national team players through the songs and the thundering trumpet.
seen that a competition of football can unify all Indonesian society, behind all the political and economic crisis that hit our nation. we hope the spirit of unity not only shown in a football event, but it can be shown in the life of nation and state.
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